Weather Glossary...WEATHER BY GIANNETTA...Giannetta. Charles. WA3RSQ. EL-NINO. Weather Magazines...Meteorology. Hurricanes. Tornadoes. Floods. Clouds. Radar. Forecasting. Thunderstorms. Lightning. Atmosphere. 69. Grand. Prix. Also WX DATA for Bath Pa.
This web site is dedicated in memory of: Laurie Elizabeth Giannetta. Twin Daughter"Weather By Giannetta"This web site is dedicated in memory of: Laurie Elizabeth Giannetta. Twin Daughter


"Charles A. Giannetta"
Meteorologist - Professor" Bath, Pa, USA.



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"T"


T Designated letter for thunderstorm.
TACAN: Tactical Air Navigation System.
Tail Wind: When the wind is to your back.
Temperature: Air:The temperature of the "Dry Bulb" "Wet Bulb" & the "Dew Point" are the sme when the relative humidity is 100 percent..
Temperature: The hotness or coldness of a substance.
Temperature Of The Dry Bulb/Wet Bulb & Dew Point: Are the same when the relative humidity is 100 percent.
Temperature Scales: Fahrenheit Scalewhere 32 Degs. is freezing & 212 degs is boiling. Centigrade Scale where 0 Degs. is freezing and 100 degs. is boiling.
Kelvin Scale: Where +233 degs. is freezing, 313.15 degs. is boiling. -273.15 Degs. is Absolute. Scale is the same as "Kelvin". Temperature Scales: The temperature on the Fahrenheit & Centigrade Scales are the same at -40 degs.

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Temperature Scales: 
1. Celsius Scale:    Invented by Swedish Astronomer Andres Celsius: 1742
2. Fahrenheit Scale: Divised by German Physicist, Gabriel Daniel Farenheit: 1709.
3. Kelvin Scale:     Invented by the Mathematian and Physicist: Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, Lord Kelvin of Scotland: 1848. 
4. Rankine Scale:    Devised bt the Scottish Engineer & Physicist William John Macquom: 1859.

Terrestrial Radiation: Infrared radiation emitted by the earth.
Terminal Velocity: The speed at which the friction from the atmosphere equals the pull of gravity on an object.
Theodolite: A weather instrument similar to a surveying instrument which has elevation and azimuth angle indicators, and is used to track weather balloons. 


"Thermodynamics"



1. Thermodynamics The branch of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and work.
2. Heat Is a form of energy that reslults from the motion of molecules in a substance. 
        The greater the molecular motion, the greater the amount of energy on that substance.


"Three Funamental Laws of Thermodynamics"



1. A definite amount of heat can be changed into a definite amount of mechanical energy, or work.
  
 A definite amount of mechanical energy can be changed into a certain amount of heat. 
2. Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.


3. As the temperature of a substance comes closer to absolute zero, its entropy (available energy)
   also comes closer to absolute zero.







"Thermos Bottle"





Thermals:  Rising air currents.


Thermograph: A weather instrument used to record temperature.








Thin Obscuration:  When 1/2 or more of the sky is obscured by surface based: Fog: Rain: Snow: Smoke: Etc.


Three Phases of Water:Solid, Liquid & Gas.


1. Thunder: A low sound produced by lightning: Produced by the rapid expansion of air from the intense heat of lightning discharge. 


2. Thunder: Can be heard from about 10 miles.


3. Thunder: Is the rapid expansion of the air molecules.



4. Thunder: Sound travels about 1,100 ft. per sec.


5. Thundersnow: Snow with a thunderstorm.




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              "Thundersorms: "Embedded"             "Thunderstorms: Clusters"



1. Embeded thunderstorms are very hazardous to aviation. | 1. Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) remains nearly 
2. These thundestorms are hidden in a large are a of     |    stationary and is in an area of numerous thunderstorms   
   precipitation and sometimes cannot be seen.           |    in an almost circular cluster.                                                     
3. If your aircraft has radar they can be detected by the| 2. The thunderstorms are interactive and cover a very
   radar most of the time.                               |    large area and sometimes the size ot the state of Pa.
4. If you do not have radar on board try to fly around   | 3. These areas of thunderstorms move very slow and may last
   these area, better yet, remain on the ground until the|    for well over 12 hours.
   weather system has moved on.                          | 4. The "MCC" is not associated with fronts and forms at 
5. The tops of these areas may be to high to fly over.   |    night in the summer and contains very large amounts
   These areas of embedded thunderstorms can produce     |    of rain.
   high winds, severe turbulence, lightning, hail and    | 5. "MCCs" occur mostly over the midwest and eastern
   wind shear.                                           |     United States.
6. Stay least 20 to 30 miles from these areas and any    |
   thunderstorms.                                        |
7. Always get the latest briefing about current and      |
   forecast weather conditions along your route and and  |
   at alternate terminals.                               |
                                            
"REMEMBER: SAFETY FIRST'                                 









Thunderstorm: A mesoscale weather system with thunder & lightning that reach heights to
60'000+ feet into the stratosphere. 














"Thunderstorms"



1.  Tstorms: About 40K-50k each 24 hrs. mostly over equator.
2.  Tstorms: Cumulonimbus name give to tstorm cloud "CB"
             Cumulus meaning Puffy. Nimbus meaning rain
3.  Tstorms: During the disipating stage only the downdraft is present.
4.  Tstorms: During The mature stage the up & dowdraft are present.
5.  Tstorms: During the 3rd stage (Disipating) the tstorm has begun to die.
6.  Tstorms: Duration. 1 to 24 hours.
7.  Tstorms: Freezing Level. 32 Degs. F.
8.  Tstorms: Gust Front.
9.  Tstorms: Hail. Hail Shaft: Hail Streak.
10. Tstorms: Hail: One of the largest hailstone fell in
             Nebraska in 1928. It was 17 inches around & weighed 1.5 lbs.
11. Tstorms: Hail Size: Gulfball. Baseball. Grapefruit.
12. Tstorms: Hail size: Pea, 1/4 in. Marble 1/2 in.
13. Tstorms: Hail: Sometimes there are 25 layers of large hailstone.
14. Tstorms: Inbedded. Clusters. Merging. Multicell.
15. Tstorms: Isolated : Extremely small no. Few 15% or less of area/line. 
             Scattered 16% to 45% of of area/line. Numerous 45%+ of area/line.
16. Tstorms: Light: Moderate: Severe:
17. Tstorms: Macrobursts: A downburtthat affects a path on the ground longer than 2.5 miles.
18. Tstorms: Mesocale" A down burst that affects a path on the ground shorter that 2.5 miles.
19. Tstorms: Millions of lightning strikes each hour.
20. Tstorms: Movements and wind speeds.
21. Tstorms: Occur Daytime or Nighttime: Anytime.
12. Tstroms: Occur in 3 stages. Cumulus. Mature. Dissapating.
23. Tstorms: On earth 2,000 tstorms occur each hour.
             40K-50k each 24 hrs. mostly over equator.
24. Tstorms: Produce Downbursts:
25. Tstorms: Produce heavy amounts of rainfall.
26. Tstorms: Produce A scarf and anvil cloud at the top.
28. Tstorms: Release latent heat to the atmosphere.
29. Tstorms: Roll Cloud produuced in the fron of the storm.
30. Tstorms: Temperatures: Falling.
31. Tstorms: Severe Thunderstorm Warning. 1 hr. NWS.
32. Tstorms: Severe Tstorm: 50 mph wind. 3/4 in hail.
33. Tstorms: Squall Lines. Very Violent WX. Check Valve
34. Tstorms: Supercells to 60K ft. & may last 24 hr.
35. Tstorms: Tornadoes: South West side of Severe Thunderstorm.
36. Tstorms: Training Effect: One after another moving in the same direction.
37. Tstorms: Tstorms reach up to the stratosphere 50k to 60,000 ft. Rise above the tropopause.
38  Tstorms: Up & down drafts can reach speeds as fast as 200 mph
39. Tstorms: Stage 1. Cumulus:
40. Tstorms: Stage 2. Mature.
41. Tstorms: Stage 3. Dissipating.













Time: AM=Ante Merdiem: Before Noon: - PM=Between Noon & Midnight.

















Total Time Of Sunshine: The amount of time sunlight was detected.


Tipping Bucket Raingauge: A weather instrument that is used to measure precipitation in portions of 0.01 inch
that has a device that fills, tips and emptys.


Tornado: A small mass of air which whirls rapidly around a vertical axis with winds
of 100 to 300+ mph. 


Tornado Watch: A Tornado is possible:


Tornado Warning: A Tornado has been sighted or was indicated on the NXRAD RADAR.
















"Tornado"



1.  Tornado: About 10 a year occur in Pa.
2.  Tornado: About 1100 occur each yr. and in every state.
3.  Tornado: Are in the "Microscale Wind System" 0-5 scale.
4.  Tornado: Causes: Strong vertical "Vortices"  Vertical Suction.
5.  Tornado: F Scale: Dr. Fujita: U. Of Chicago.
6.  Tornado: Funnel Cloud is a tornado aloft not touching the ground.
7.  Tornado: If caught in a tornado seek shelter indoors in the center
               of the basement. In a mobile home in a small closet or area.
               Get out of your car seek shelter. If caught outdoors find a
               low spot. Lie down covering your head.
8.  Tornado: Knock down just about anything in their path.
9.  Tornado: Mobile homes. Large Buldings. Churches.
10. Tornado: Occur on the Southwst side of severe tstorms.
11. Tornado: Paths. Usually southwest to northeast.
12. Tornado: RADAR: NEXRAD: Net Genmeration Radar.
13. Tornado: Spin at speeds of 100 to 300+ mph.
14. Tornado: Spin CCW & CW. Can have more than 1 at a time.
15. Tornado: Stay on the ground for short & long distances.
16. Tornado: A tornado is dectected by Doppler Radar.
17. Tornado: Tornado Alley: Midwest US.
18. Tornado: Tornado Watch/Warnings Issued issued by the NWS.
19. Tornado: Waterspout: Tornado are over water.
20. Tornado: A funnel cloud which touches the ground.
21. Tornadic Activity: When a Tornado/Funnel Cloud or Waterspout may occur 
    or has been sighted.








"Tornado Alley"












Tower Cumulus:  A term given to cumulus clouds with great vertical height.


Tower Visibility:  The prevailing visibility reported from an airport traffic tower.


Townsend Support: A metal support whichs hold the maximun & minimum thermometers.


TR Switch: Weather Radar Transmit/Receiver Switch which switches between transmit and receive modes.


Trace Of Precipitation:  Less than .01 inch.


Trace Of Snowfall:  Less than .1 inch.


Transmissometer:   An instrument for determiming runway visibility located at the end of an airport runway.


Transpiration:  When water in plants is transfered to a vapor into the atmosphere.



Triple Point: Point of occlusion where the occluded, cold and warm fronts come together.









Tropical Air: Air which froms over the tropics.


Tropical Air Mass: A larger body of air which froms over the tropics that is warm and humid.


Tropical Cyclone: A cyclone which forms over the tropics.


Tropical Depression: The beginning stage of a "Hurricane" with wind speeds of at least
39 mph or 63 km. Given a number. Example: Tropical Depression No. 1.


Tropical Storm: A Tropical Cyclone having winds between 39 to 73 mph or 63 to 118 km. Given
a name starting with the letters "A" through "Z". Example: Tropical Storm "Art".


Tropical Storm Watch: Issued when there is threat of a tropical storm within 36 hours.


Tropical Storm Warning: Issued when there is threat of a tropical storm within 24 hours or less.





Tropic of Cancer: Located at 23'27" North Latitude. 












Tropic of Capricorn: Located at 23'27" South Latitude. 
















Tropics: An area on the earth located between the Tropic Of Cancer (23.5 Degs. N. Lat.) and The Tropic Of Capricorn (23.5 Degs. S. Lat.


Troposphere: The lowest portion of the atmosphere up to the tropopause. Varies in height from 60,000 feet at the equator to 40,000 feet over the poles. 


Troposphere: The lowest portion of the atmosphere in which most weather occurs. 


Tropopause:  Varies with height from over 60,000 feet along the equator to 40- 45,000 feet above the poles.


Tropopause:  An area of transition between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Varies with height from over 60,000 feet along the equator to 40- 45,000 feet above the poles.


Trough:A elongated area of low pressure on a weather map associated with a an area of low pressure.


True Wind Direction: Which way the wind is blowing from in relationship to true north.


Tsunamis: Giant ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruption.




Turbulence: A disturbed flow of air in the atmosphere.


TWEB: Acronym for: Transcribed Weather Broadcast: A radio broadcast for pilots for self briefing prior to a flight.


Twilight: 1/2 hour before sunrise. 1/2 hour after sunset.


Twilight: Astronomical:  When the sun is no more than 18 Degs. below the horizon before sunrise and after sunset.


Twilight: Civil: When the sun is no more than 6 Degs. below the horizon before sunrise and after sunset.


Twilight: Naurical:  When the sun is no more than 12 Degs. below the horizon before sunrise and after sunset.


Twister: Tornado or Cyclone.


Typhoon: Another name given for a "Hurricane in the "Pacific Ocean".





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                                   "Super Typhoon Haiyan"

More text to come...













                                   "The Human Ear"

More text to come...













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